The American building revolution
A
distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had
taken to heart the admonition that form should follow function and who thought
of buildings not as separate architectural entities but as parts of an organic
whole that included the land, the community, and the society. In a very real
way the houses of colonial New England and some of the southern plantations had
been functional, but Wright was the first architect to make functionalism the
authoritative principle for public as well as for domestic buildings. As early
as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those
churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the
United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous structures
as houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the famous Larkin
Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company building in Racine,
Wisconsin.
Revolusi Bangunan Amerika
Arsitektur
khas Amerika dimulai oleh Frank Lloyd Wright, yang telah dikenal bahwa bentuk
harus mengikuti fungsi dan siapa yang berpikir bangunan tidak dipisahkan oleh
arsitektur tetapi sebagai bagian keseluruhan organik yang termasuk tanah,
masyarakat, dan kumpulan masyarakat. Dalam cara yang sangat nyata ,rumah-rumah
kolonial New England dan beberapa perkebunan Selatan telah berfungsi, tetapi
Wright adalah arsitek pertama yang membuat fungsionalisme prinsip otoritatif
untuk umum juga domestik. Sejak 1906, ia membangun Persatuan Candi di Oak Park,
Illinois, gereja-Gereja yang pertama dari yang melakukan begitu banyak
merevolusi arsitektur gereja di Amerika Serikat. Kemudian menggunakan
kejeniusannya untuk struktur yang berbeda-bedaseperti rumah, sekolah, bangunan
perkantoran dan pabrik-pabrik, di antaranya Gedung Larkin terkenal di Buffalo,
New York, dan perusahaan bangunan Johnson Wax di Racine, Wisconsin.
Part One
Reading
Comprehension
Direction: In this
Section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a number of
questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer : (A), (B), (C), or
(D) to each question. Then on your answer sheet, find the number of the
question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you
have chosen. This section in designed to measure your ability to read and
understand passages. Answer all question about the information ion a passage on
the basis what is implied or stated in the passage.
Example:
Read the
following passage:
Line 1 Independent colleges and universities are private or
nonprofit institutions. Tangerang Muhammadiyah University is an example of many
independent colleges and universities originated as religion-related
institution affiliated with religious group “Muhammadiyah”. The most common
independent colleges and universities include (1) liberal art institutions that
offer comprehensive undergraduate education, (2) technical or specialized
institutions that prepare students in engineering arts, music, nursing and
other fields and (3) large universities that include undergraduate programs in
addition to graduate and professional schools.
Question
1:
What is the characteristic of Independent colleges and universities?
(A)
They are
non-private
(B)
They are
private
(C)
They are
sate governed
(D)
They are
dependent
According to the passage line 1, independent colleges and
universities are private or non profit institutions, so independent
colleges and universities are private. Therefore, you should choose (B)
Now let’s
begin to do the reading test.
1. The phrase “taken to heart”
in line 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
Answer: A → Taken seriously
Discussion: The phrase taken to heart is a form of idiomatic expression and means "to do it wholeheartedly / seriously".
2. In what way did Wright’s
public buildings differ from most of those built by earlier architects?
(A) They were built on a larger scale.
(B) Their materials came from the southern United States.
(C) They looked more like private homes.
(D) Their designs were based on how they would be used.
(A) They were built on a larger scale.
(B) Their materials came from the southern United States.
(C) They looked more like private homes.
(D) Their designs were based on how they would be used.
Answer : D → Their designs were based on how they would be used.Discussion: In the sentence "... that form should follow function ..." indicates that the design should be based on its function, what the building will be used for and such answers are found in option D.
3. The author mentions the Unity
Temple because, it
(A) was Wright’s first building
(B) influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
(C) demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright ever designed
(B) influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
(C) demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright ever designed
Answer : B → influenced the architecture of subsequent churchesDiscussion: In the sentence this question states that the building greatly influences the design of subsequent buildings. Answers containing similar ideas are in choice B.
4. The passage mentions that all
of the following structures were built by Wright EXCEPT
(A) factories
(B) public buildings
(C) offices
(D) southern plantations
(A) factories
(B) public buildings
(C) offices
(D) southern plantations
Answer : D → southern plantations , in line five paragraph oneDiscussion: In the last sentence it is clear that o ffi ces, factories and public building, including churches are his works. Whereas South Plantations is not the result of his work because it was designed by the previous person as mentioned in the reading.
5. Which of the following
statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural principles?
(A) Beautiful design is more important than utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public buildings does not need to be revolutionary
(A) Beautiful design is more important than utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public buildings does not need to be revolutionary
Answer : C → A building should fit into its surroundings.
Discussion: Sentences "as’’ the parts of an organic whole that is included in the land, the community, and the society" states that buildings should be considered as part of the whole environment and the surrounding community so that in other words the building must be in accordance with its environment.
6. Who started a typical American building ?
(A) Frank Lloyd Wright
(B) Frank Wright Lloyd
(C) Johnson Wax
(D) Wisconsin
Answer : A → Frank Lloyd Wright in line one paragraph one
Discussion: Because in the above article it was explained that the figure of Frank Lloyd Wright was the one who started the typical American building.
7. Since when did Wright make functionalism an authoritative principle for the public as well as domestic ?
(A) since 2018
(B) since 1960
(C) since 1609
(D) since 1906
Answer : D → since 1906 in line seven paragraph one
Discussion: according to the seventh row of the first paragraph Wright started it since 1906
8. where is Larkin Building built ?
(A) Larkin build was built in Oak Park
(B) Larkin build was built in Buffalo, New York
(C) Larkin build was built in Illinois
(D) Larkin build was built in England
Answer : B → Larkin build was built in Buffalo, New York in line ten paragraph one
Discussion: according to the tenth row of the first paragraph of the Larkin building built in Buffalo, New York
9. what is the principle of building by Frank Lloyd Wright?
(A) the principle for domestic buildings
(B) the authoritative principle for public
(C) the authoritative principle
(D) all answers are correct
Answer : D → all answers are correct
Discussion: according to the sixth row of the first paragraph of the principle used by Frank Lloyd Wright is an authoritative principle for the public as well as domestic
10. Where he built the Temple Association?
(A) was built in Oak Park
(B) all answers are correct
(C) was built in Illinois
(D) was built in Buffalo, New York
Answer : A → was built in Oak Park in line seven paragraph one
Discussion: according to the seventh row of the first paragraph of the temple square built in Oak Park
Structural engineering
Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural
analysis. Entry-level structural engineers may design the individual structural
elements of a structure, such as the beams and columns of a building. More
experienced engineers may be responsible for the structural design and
integrity of an entire system, such as a building.
Structural engineers often specialize in particular types of
structures, such as buildings, bridges, pipelines, industrial, tunnels,
vehicles, ships, aircraft and spacecraft. Structural engineers who specialize
in buildings often specialize in particular construction materials such as
concrete, steel, wood, masonry, alloys and composites, and may focus on
particular types of buildings such as offices, schools, hospitals, residential,
and so forth.
Structural engineering has existed since humans first started to
construct their own structures. It became a more defined and formalized
profession with the emergence of the architecture as distinct profession from
the engineering during the industrial revolution in the late 19th century.
Until then, the architect and the structural engineer were usually one and the
same thing – the master builder. Only with the development of specialized
knowledge of structural theories that emerged during the 19th and early 20th
centuries, did the professional structural engineers come into existence.
The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant
understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are
available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a
great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures
support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will
typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum
of three years of professional practice before being considered fully
qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned
societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution
of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have
studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be
accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers,
or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation
is IABSE(International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering).[3] The aim of
that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of
structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.
For session 2, the part of the task I did was Muhammad Abdu. still keep up
Part Two
Structure
and Written Expression
Direction : In this
section you will see four underlined words or phrases (A), (B), (C), (D) in
each sentence. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed
in order for the sentences to be correct. Then on your answer sheet, find the
number of the section and fill the space that corresponds to the letter of the
answer you have chosen.
Look at the following example:
Tsunami science were invented for
tsunami risk reduction.
A B
C D
The sentence should read: “Tsunami science was invented for tsunami
risk reduction. Therefore, you should choose (B)
